Biography of Murasaki Shikibu

Murasaki Shikibu  (c.  976-978 - c. 1026-1031) is known for  writing what is considered the worlds first novel, The Tale of Genji. Shikibu was a  novelist and a court attendant of Empress Akiko of Japan. Also known as Lady Murasaki, her real name is not known. Murasaki means violet and may have been taken from a character in  The Tale of Genji.   Early Life Murasaki Shikibu was born a member of the cultured Fujiwara family of Japan. A paternal great-grandfather had been a poet, as was her father, Fujiwara Tamatoki. She was educated alongside her brother, including learning Chinese and writing. Personal Life Murasaki Shikibu was married to another member of the extensive Fujiwara family, Fujiwara Nobutaka, and they had a daughter in 999. Her husband died in 1001. She lived quietly until 1004, when her father became governor of the province of Echizen.   The Tale of Genji Murasaki Shikibu was brought to the Japanese imperial court, where she attended the Empress Akiko, Emperor Ichijos consort. For two years, from about 1008, Murasaki recorded in a diary what happened at court and what she thought about what happened. She used some of what shed recorded in this diary to write a fictional account of a prince named Genji —and therefore the first known novel. The book, which covers four generations through Genjis grandson, was probably meant to be read aloud to her main audience, women. Later Years After the emperor Ichijo died in 1011, Murasaki retired, perhaps to a convent. Legacy The book  The Tale of Genji  was translated into English by Arthur Waley in 1926.

What Makes A Good Leader - 845 Words

Significance If you do not truly love what you are doing you are not going to convince anyone else to love it either. A good leader has to be strong in their convictions and confident in themselves and their teams. Everyone needs encouragement especially when it comes to giving it your all for the company. By providing a good reward system you are fostering good conversations of feeling appreciated and needed on these projects. It will make employees want to do well not only to impress you, but to impress those who may hold future roles for them. Application I always thought that monetary gifts are the most impressive form of appreciation, however, through this module I have found out that a simple thank you can move mountains as well. I am going to give out more of those to my team to show my appreciation on a regular basis. Other Modules Module One What interested me in this module were the different types of brainstorming activities that are available to bring teams closer. This ties into module nine by showing the importance of team cohesiveness and the ability of the leader to encourage this type of collaboration. The book â€Å"A Systems Approach to Small Group Interaction,† says that brainstorming creates platforms for the individuals to bring their ideas to a group discussion (Tubbs, p. 294). This can either be done at a meeting or the leader can solicit advice from individuals via email. If it works, the leader recognizes this person to everyone, if it doesShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Leader A Good Leader? Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesWhat makes a leader a good leader? If being a leader was an easy task, then anyone would become a leader. In order for an individual to rise above others and become a good leader, they need to acquire a few personal skills and characteristics. A common belief is tha t a good leader must have high intellectual abilities and technical skills in order to be successful. However; according to Daniel Goleman, there is a good relationship between the emotional intelligence of a leader and the effectivenessRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Leader?1377 Words   |  6 Pagesas a human being. Without great leaders to help instill and create a sense of direction, I believe society world will be stagnant. I believe there is a variety type of the leaders such as, good leaders and bad leaders. A good leader must have several qualities. These qualities should not be taken likely and must be able to possess qualities like having good morals, such as integrity which will set the example for their subordinate. In addition to being a good leader, you must have a strong mindsetRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Leader?961 Words   |  4 Pagesshould also be able to delegate by understanding group behavior and knowing what makes a good leader. They can do this first by recognizi ng their own leadership traits and management style. 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I have rarely been a real leader so far in my career; th erefore my definition of leadership, to a large extent, comes from a non-leader perspective and may vary with someone who is a leader. A leader, in my opinion, is someone who can gather a group of people and guide them towards a specificRead MoreWhat Makes a Good Leader?1087 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership what makes a good leader? Does whatever the leader engage in have an impact on its team? To me what makes a good leader is someone who can show people how to be better and do honorable acts. It is like being a role model to someone. Whatever you do can be taken the wrong way and since you’re the leader people will follow so you have to do right. Does the police commissioner hold these qualities? 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The Fair Work Commission

Question: Write an essay onThe fair work commission organisation. Answer: Introduction: This report deals with the relationship between the pay and performance regarding the business of an organisation. It reflects that how an organisation can be benefitted by the performance of its employees. It also reflects that, providing incentives to the employees can enhance their work performance.It is seen that the employees performance in an organisation are highly dependent on the payment they receive for providing service to their company. An organisation always tries to squeeze an individual and to acquire as many benefits possible. It always tries to pay the minimum amount and tries to maximize its benefit. Paying incentives is a kind of trick for which an individual always try to exert more effort for his/her organisation (Rolstadas, 2012). It is not always fruitful but yes, paying incentives and higher salary help to achieve more production in an organisation. As far as the issue related to the association between pay and performance is concerned, this report will clearl y demonstrate all the aspects of pay and performance. A. Fair work Commission; Background and Purpose: The fair work commission organisation in Australia deals with the workplace relation issues in the country. The commission was established by the Australian government in 2009 when the Fair Work Act was developed. It includes some employment-related settings and factors like minimum wage fixation, unfair dismissal, dispute resolution etc. Currently, this commission is playing the role of both the workplace authority in Australia and Fair Pay Commission as well (FWC, 2016). The main reason behind creating this body was to improve the industrial relationships. The Fair Work Act covers all issues related to the industrial relationships and employment. The members of the FWC are located in Sydney, Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane (Australia Government, 2016).This body locates whether an employee of an organisation in Australia is receiving his/her payment properly or not. It helps people by informing them about Australias latest workplace related regulations (Beer, Maude, Pritchard, 2003). As a result, the employees can save themselves from any workplace harassments. This body imposes a penalty on the parties who miss-utilize the services of the employee. It documents the complaint of the employees who has been cheated and then it closely monitors those claims whether it is correct or not. Then it takes necessary steps to solve the issue.The objective of this report is to evaluate the relationship between the pay and performance. So that, the authority can assess whether to emphasise. It clears out the area where improvement is needed in order to get better work performance from the employees. If better payment can enhance countrys production from different sectors, then obviously it should be monitored. The goal of this authority is to implement a sustainable workplace relationship in different sectors. B. Literature Review: Cahuc Zylberberg (2004), have stated regarding the theory of labour supply. It states that the labours sacrifice their enjoyment in leisure time and utilise the time by working more in order to earn more money (Cahuc Zylberberg, 2004). Certainly, they will receive more payment by exerting excessive efforts but they have to sacrifice their relaxation during leisure time. It indirectly decreases their utility. The curve of labour supply is generally derived from the labour-leisure trade off. As much as money the individuals receive, they try to exert more effort to earn more and more money. So that, they can earn incentives for providing service for an hour extra. Now when the discussion comes to the type of good this leisure time is, the analysis always gets diverse factors. If it is a normal good, then income will increase if its demand increases. For instance, if an individual earns high then he does not need to sacrifice his/her leisure time. Instead of sacrificing, that individu al will prefer enjoying it. The labour supply curve will be sloped upward if income effect is weaker then substitution effect. In the opposite case, the reverse will happen i.e. the labour supply curve intends to bend backward. Marxian economists claim that in the case of a capitalist economy, where people need money badly, this culture is on. Efficiency Wage Theory Efficiency wage theory describes the payment of wages higher than the marginal revenue product of the workers in order to increase their productivity. The above diagram shows the supply of labour and supply of work units. In a short period of time supply of labour is fixed shown by vertical line SS. Below the minimum wage, there would be no work. Only after a minimum wage of OA, the number of units of work increases shown by AS which is rising upward (Akerlof Yellen, 1986). Mankiw (2011), stated that efficiency wage theory is profitable as higher wage might increase the efficiency of the workers. First wage theory shows the relationship between wages and workers health. Higher wages help workers to consume a nutritious diet and it keeps them healthy. Also, it increases their productivity. Secondly, wage theory relates wage to worker turnover. Increased wage reduces the turnover of workers to other firms. A worker can quit his/her job if he/she does not receive a higher payment. If t hey receive higher payment then chances of quitting the company will reduce. It is beneficial for the firms also because hiring and training new people is costlier. The third one emphasises the link between workers quality and wage. Paying higher wages helps in improving quality. The 4th theory is sociological which states that higher wages increase the workers loyalty towards the firm. Union threat is the 5th model in which higher wage prevents unionisation (Mankiw, 2011). Katz (1986), said that there is the prevalence of inter-industry wage differences for similar work. This may arise due to the difference in the wage-productivity in different industries (Katz, 1986). He argues that the reasons may be the labour quality which cannot be measured. Compensating differentials, labour immobility are not transitory. The model, however, fails to explain the relation between industry wage and its profits. It is also not able to explain the inverse relationship between skill and unemployme nt. It fails to explain the reason behind the wage rate differences prevailing among the same post in different industries (Akerlof Yellen, 1988). The net revenue increases with increase in wage but after a certain wage, the revenue doesnt increase even with increased units of work. As such beyond a point, the net revenue decreases with increase in the wage rate. Pay-Performance Structure: Pay for performance can be explained as the wages should be paid according to a work, performed by a worker, firm or a team within a given period of time. This pay structure may be beneficial for workers. Singh (2015), debated that performance-based pay is result oriented rather than development oriented. It is not a qualitative measurement, instead, is quantitative. Pay based on performance is usually done for a fixed period of time (Singh, 2015). Lazear (1996), proposes that as the wages of the worker increases, their performance increases through an increase in productivity (Lazear, 1996). An average grade worker produces more in the case of increased incentives. Also, there is a reduction in turnover. Workers may be paid based on the hourly wages or on the piece rate. In hourly wages, there is a minimum level of output per hour (e). The utility function of worker is given as:Utility = Income C (e)/A where, C (e) is homogeneous cost function. A measures the ability of worker. Thi s shows at a given level of output, individuals with higher level of ability have low production cost (Lazear, 1996).However, it is not easy to measure a job but the subjective metrics of performance pay is successful in measuring that. For instance, the measurement can be done on the basis of teamwork, professionalism or service to the customer.An objective measure is not more suitable than subjective because it is able to measure when employees are directly assessed. Even in a complicated situation, the subjective metrics allow a manager to assess its employees. There is one drawback that the subjective measurement brings issues in the situation. If the relationship between the manager and its employee is not smooth then the employee may receive negative feedback from the manager. Guaranteed pay is something which fixed and received by an employee from its employer while the variable pay is not fixed. People who work on the full-time basis, always expect for a fixed pay because it is suitable for their standard of living criterion. People who like to work from home or freelancing, receive payment on a contractual basis which is not fixed. They receive payment only for the output they produce on a fixed rate basis. Bonus pay is attractive and successful in motivating the employees. Spot bonus is one of them and it is given when an employee perform extraordinarily (Cardy Leonard, 2014). Spot bonus is very respectable reward and it is always given to the managers, works in multinationals like Google, Apple etc. (Guest, Paauwe, Wright, 2012). Referral bonus is getting very famous day by day. It is given when an employee recommends candidates and earns a bonus when the candidate is selected. They receive the payment when the recommended candidate joins the organisation. It is very famous in call centres and IT sectors. Signing bonus usually is given to the people who have some unique skill or to the individual whom the organisation wants to be joined. IT worker s used to receive these type of bonus (Guest, Paauwe, Wright, 2012).Similarly, the penalty is also effective in driving employees behaviour and the manner in a right way. Withholding of increments is imposed on workers when they do not behave properly (Lazear, 1996). Its a kind of seldom penalty. Fines are imposed when mistakes happen from employees end after giving warnings. Also, it may increase motivation among workers to produce more as they have the opportunity to earn more. Withholding of salary is imposed when an employee resigns without any notice and without serving the notice period. This kind of penalties is imposed frequently by the organizations these days (International Labour Organization, 2003).There is a rise in average output per worker and average ability of worker when a switch is done from hourly wages to piece rate. The calculation of hourly wage is easier compared to piece rate. The quality may suffer in case of paying piece. In many firms, the piece rate may rather be more cost effective as the payment is done only for work done (Poon, 2016). General Labour Supply and Demand: The demand curve for labour is derived from the demand of products. If the demand for commodities increases, then the demand for labour will also increase. The supply curve of labour refers to the number of workers available for employment. Supply of labour is in respect of industry as well as an economy. The wage rate is determined by the demand and Supply of labour. It can be shown with the help of the following diagram:Itshows that wage rate We that is determined by the interaction of the labour demand curve DD and the supply curve of labour SS. Quantity of labour is determined at Qe. In the long run under the competitive condition, the wage rate will be equal to both the average and the marginal revenue product. Firms will earn a supernormal profit if average revenue product is more than the wage rate and as such there will be the entry of new firms. If, Average revenue product wage rate, the firm incur losses.Smith (2003), explains that reduced wages might lead to a decrease in the productivity of the output as the number of working hours would be reduced by the labourers. Thus, there would be a contraction in labour supply due to fall in the real wage (Smith, 2003). As the working hours of the labour increase then the wage and the supply of labour will also increase. Thus, equilibrium wage rate would be determined where labour demand equals labour supply. Related Practical Examples: Achieving higher production by paying higher incentives is becoming a new trend or strategy of the organizations. It seems that motivational theory is made to get the effort to be exerted more and more. Related Company: The Dolphin Logistic Company is trying to expand its business in the global market of Singapore (Huat, Lim, Chen, 2004). Research claims that the company had to improve its performance management system and need to introduce the reward system to motivate its employees. In due courses, it can be said that by implementing performance-based pay system the company can become successful in improving their performance status (Dolphin-GP, 2016). Relation to the theories: The company also can employ the efficiency wage theory. As far as the efficiency wage theory reveals that the theory is highly effective in enhancing workforce. The general theory of demandsupply concentrates a small hint that organizations nurture their wage offerings if they require more contenders, or if they need fewer of them when excessive applicants are existing than wanted (Dolphin-GP, 2016). The theory highlights the costs and benefits trade-offs convoluted in shifting the level of wage.The employee will be benefitted by several bonuses elaborated above and will be penalized for not to be disciplined in the workplace. By the subjective measurement approach employees are properly assessed by the managers even if the situation is complicated. With the help of the objective measurement, employees are directly assessed by their immediate manager.Likewise, the employees of the organizations is already highly motivated by the association so they always exerts extra hours of work t o the companys production. They assess their ownselves by judging customers feedback time to time. They assess their own efforts. In a way, they can make themselves better for the organizations. All were started in early 2015 when the authority had decided to improve the sector and starts paying rewards in order to motivate the employees. Recommendations: Along with the reward system or performance based pay structure, several motivational activities may support more to enhance the performance in workplaces. It is seen from the discussion that each of the following theories provide some way to extract extraordinary performance from the employees. The main theme of those theories is to provide different types of incentive to achieve a better outcome. Bonus pays like performance incentives, yearly bonus can be given to motivate employees more. It is seen that by offering a bonus, the companies become successful in acquiring more output from the employees. Whereas penalties keep the workplace disciplined and the employee feels costlier to break a rule. It makes a workplace tidy and disciplined. So, apart from the normal pay and training, different types of bonus should be provided to motivate employees. Conclusion: It can be concluded from above research that, the wage theories are very useful to improve a business from all end. The practical implementation of these theories plays major role in influencing the production of an originisation. However, no theories are perfect and it needed to be perfect in case of reality. This gap demands another theory to be entered. Workplace issues are major and cannot be managed by applying few theories. It needs experience and as well vast analysis of the labour supply and demand related matters. References Akerlof, G., Yellen, J. (1986). Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Akerlof, G., Yellen, J. (1988). Fairness and Unemployment. The American Economic Review, 78(2), 44-49.Australia Government. (2016). Fair Work Commission. Retrieved 07 19, 2016, from https://www.australia.gov.au/directories/australia/fwcBeer, A., Maude, A., Pritchard, W. (2003). Developing Australia's Regions: Theory Practice. Australia: UNSW Press.Cahuc, P., Zylberberg, A. (2004). Labor Economics. Cambridge: MIT Press.Cardy, R., Leonard, B. (2014). Performance Management: Concepts, Skills, and Exercises. London: Routledge.Dolphin-GP. (2016). Global Logistics Services. Retrieved 06 09, 2016, from https://www.dolphin-gp.com/global-logistics-operations.phpFWC. (2016). About us. Retrieved 07 19, 2016, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/about-usGuest, D., Paauwe, J., Wright, P. (2012). HRM and Performance: Achievements and Challenges. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons.Huat, T., Lim, J ., Chen, W. (2004). Competing International Financial Centers: A Comparative Study between Hong Kong and Singapore. Singapore: Centre for Financial Studies and ISEAS.International Labour Organization. (2003). Best Practices in Work-flexibility Schemes and Their Impact on the Quality of Working Life in the Chemical Industries . Geneva: International Labour Office.Katz, L. (1986). Efficiency wage theories: A partial evaluation. NBER Macroeconomics Annual , 1, 235-290.Lazear, P. (1996). Performance Pay and Productivity. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1-36.Mankiw, N. (2011). Principles of Economics (6th ed.). Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning.Poon, D. (2016). Economic and Trade Information on Hong Kong. Retrieved 06 09, 2016, from https://hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Market-Environment/Economic-and-Trade-Information-on-Hong-Kong/etihk/en/1/1X000000/1X09OVUL.htmRolstadas, A. (2012). Performance Management: A business process benchmarking approach . London: Springer Science Business Media.Singh, B. (2015). Compensation and Reward Management (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Excel books.Smith, S. (2003). Labour Economics (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.

Makabayan E.P.P Subject Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Tokyo TowerTokyo Tower is taller that the Eiffel Tower and is the tallest construction in Japan. Its pigment and visible radiations are designed to do the tower glow a superb gold at dark. 2. Roppongi Hills Designed as a metropolis within a metropolis. Roppongi hills incorporates offices. abodes. shopping. hotels. Parkss. art galleries and amusement. Located on some of the most expensive land in Japan. it took the developer 14 old ages to aquire the 400 separate tonss for the 27 estates of the site. When it foremost opened the edifice was the talk of the town and received 1000000s of visitants. 3. Tokyo City Hall Tokyo City Hall was the tallest edifice in Tokyo before Midtown was completed in 2007. With a monetary value ticket of about $ 1 Billion US. it is a all right illustration of Tokyo government’s gusto for passing money and has earned the nickname â€Å"tax tower† . It is a huge composite taking up three metropolis blocks. We will write a custom essay sample on Makabayan E.P.P Subject Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has a free observation deck that is popular with tourers. 4. Prada Building Located in the Omotesando shopping territory. the Prada Building is merely 6 floors high but gives the feeling of being shaped wholly of glass. 5. Mode Gakuen Cocoon TowerHousing a manner. design and medical school the Gakuen Cocoon Tower is the 2nd tallest educational edifice in the universe. It’s cocoon design stands out in Shinjuku’s colossal concern territory. 6. Dentsu edifice Corporate central office of Dentsu. Japan’s largest and most esteemed advertisement bureau. the Dentsu edifice has 70 lifts including private lifts for executives. The Dentsu edifice is located in Shiodome. a monolithic new concern territory built on the old site of Tokyo’s foremost train station. 7. Midtown edifice The tallest edifice in Tokyo prefecture. Midtown is a monolithic composite of offices. shopping and includes a big medical clinic. luxury hotel and art gallery. The edifices themselves are non all that visually interesting. 8. Docomo edifice The Docomo edifice in Shibuya is the world’s largest clock tower. It is owned by Japan’s largest telecom company NTT and houses a few offices and a batch of telecom equipment. It has no shopping or eating houses and is non unfastened to the populace. 9. Izumi Garden Tower Massive and modern Izumi Garden Tower has typical bluish green glass. It has office infinite. a luxury abode. shopping and eating houses. 10. Fuji Terebi Building Headquarterss of the Fuji Television Network in Odaiba. The building’s telecasting studios have sing Windowss and Tourss of the edifice are popular. The spherical portion of the edifice is a metropolis observation deck. Juto Oido of Old Tenzuiji Built in 1591 during Momoyama Period. and moved in 1905 during the Meiji Era. this edifice was originally built on the premises of daitokuji of Kyoto by Hideyoshi Toyotomi. who was one of the most celebrated shoguns in Nipponese history. to incorporate a juto. a rock memorial to wish for his mother’s wellness and long life. Matsuyama palace is one of the biggest palaces in Japan. This palace is built on Mt. Katsuyama. the centre of Matsuyama metropolis. It took approximately 250 old ages to finish constructing the palace. The completion of the palace is 1858. it is the following twelvemonth of Commodore Perry’s black ship coming. So. Matsuyama palace is the latest palace in Japan. St. John’s Church in Kyoto. : Museum Meijimura T was built as a church of The Anglican Church in Japan. The first floor is made of bricks. the 2nd floor is made of wood. and the roof is tiled with a sheet Cu. These are inventivenesss to do the church quakeproof. The first floor was for Sunday school and the kindergarten. whilst the 2nd floor was the hall.

Learning Theory Application in Classroom Essays

Learning Theory Application in Classroom Essays Learning Theory Application in Classroom Paper Learning Theory Application in Classroom Paper PSYCHOLOGY OF TEACHING AND LEARNING (ED504) MODULE 2: MAIN ASSESSMENT QUESTION 2: Imagine you are on your break hour at school and you walked into the staff lounge to discover Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson and Kohlberg are there. Their conversation is about learning and development. Write a paper tracing the conversation between each of these theorists. Be sure to accurately reflect the stance that each theorist would take. What would be the implications of any one of the theorist as a teacher and how could the theory be applied to the classroom? VTDI) This Paper is in Partial Completion Fulfilment of a POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING Date: October 13, 2011 Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson and Kohlberg individually expounded their views on learning and development as outlined below. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory consists of four stages of intellectual development. Stage 1- Sensorimotor Stage. Birth to age 2. The child recognises self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally. The child realises that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense. Stage 2- Preoperational Stage Age 2-7. Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words. Children learn through imitation and play during this stage. They begin to use reasoning; however it is mainly intuitive, instead of logical. Stage 3- Concrete Operational Stage Age 7- 11. Can thinks logically about objects and events. However this is confined to their level. Stage 4- Formal Operational Stage Age 11-adulthood. Can think logically about conceptual scheme and test hypotheses systematically. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development shows that personality emerges from a series of conflicts. These conflicts arise at eight stages over the entire life cycle. These crises if resolve or unresolved can result in a greater sense of self or can lead to maladjustment respectively. Below is an outline of the steps and psychosocial interactions involved. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to Year). Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. Autonomy vs. Shame (2-3 years). Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschooler , 4-5years). Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Industry vs. Inferiority (School-Age Child, 6-11years). Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Adolescent, 12-18 years). Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adult 18-35 years). Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle-aged Adult, 35-65 years). At this stage the middle adult needs to work to establish stability and attempt to produce something that makes a difference to society. Integrity vs. Despair (Older Adult, over 65years). Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfilment. Lawrence Kohlberg concludes that morality develops in stages. Kohlbergs six stages can be more generally grouped into three levels of two stages each which are outlined below. Level 1 (Pre-Conventional). This is generally found at the elementary school level. Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation. People behave according to socially acceptable norms. This obedience is forced by the threat or application of punishment. Stage 2: Self-interest orientation. This stage is characterized by a view that right behaviour means acting in ones own best interests Level 2 (Conventional). This is generally found in society. Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and compliance, is regarded as an attitude which seeks to do what will gain the approval of others. Stage 4: Authority and social-order maintaining orientation. This stage is one adjusted to abiding by the law and responding to the obligations of duty. Level 3 (Post-Conventional). It is felt that this is not reached by the majority of adults. Stage5. Social contract orientation. Is an understanding of social support and a genuine interest in the welfare of others. Stage 6. Universal ethical principles. Is based on respect for universal principle and the demands of individual conscience Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory Vygotsky focused on the connections between people and the sociocultural context in which they act and interact in shared experiences (Crawford, 1996). His major themes are outlined below: 1. Social interaction plays a fundamental role in the process of cognitive development.. He states: â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). † (Vygotsky, 1978). 2. Anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept can serve as a guide to support cognitive growth. 3. According to Vygotsky, the Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between a student’s ability to perform a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and the student’s ability solving the problem independently. Vygotsky believes, learning occurred in this zone. The implications of Vygotsky’s theory for the teacher are that it promotes learning in the contexts where students play an active role in learning. Roles of the teacher and student are therefore shifted, as a teacher should collaborate with his or her students in order to help facilitate meaning development in students. Knowing both levels of Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development is useful for teachers, for these levels indicate where the child is at a given moment as well as where the child is going. According to Vygotsky, for the curriculum to be developmentally appropriate, the teacher must plan activities that encompass not only what children are capable of doing on their own but what they can learn with the help of others (Karpov Haywood, 1998). Vygotsky’s theory can be applied in the classroom. Vygotsky’s theory does not mean that anything can be taught to any child. Only instruction and activities that fall within the zone promote development. For example, if a child cannot identify the sounds in a word even after many prompts, the child may not benefit immediately from instruction in this skill. Practice of previously known skills and introduction of concepts that are too difficult and complex have little positive impact. Teachers can use information about both levels of Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development in organizing classroom activities in the following ways: Instruction can be planned to provide practice in the zone of proximal development for individual children or for groups of hildren. Scaffolding (Wood, Bruner, Ross, 1976) is a tactic for helping the child in his or her zone of proximal development in which the adult provides hints and prompts at different levels. † (Wood, Bruner, Ross, 1976). For example In a high school laboratory science class, a teacher might provide scaffolding by first giving students detailed guides to carrying out experiments, then giving them brief outlines that they might use to structure experiments, and finally asking them to set up experiments entirely on their own. Cooperative learning activities can be planned with groups of children at different levels who can help each other learn. I can be conclude therefore, that a careful application of the theories put forward by these researchers will greatly enhance learning in the classroom References Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching; Piagets developmental theory [On-line: UK] retrieved 8 October 2011 from learningandteaching. info/learning/piaget. htm Crawford, K. (1996) Vygotskian approaches to human development in the information era. Educational Studies in Mathematics. (31) 43-62. Karpov, Y. , Haywood, H. C. (1998). Two ways to elaborate Vygotskys concept of mediation: Implications for instruction. American Psychologist, 53(1), 27-36. Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2011, October). Erikson’s Stages of Development at Learning-Theories. com. Retrieved October 8th, 2011 from learning-theories. com/eriksons-stages-of-development. html Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2011, October). Social Development Theory (Vygotsky) at Learning-Theories. com. Retrieved October 8th, 2011 from learning-theories. com/vygotskys-social-learning-theory. html Robert N. Barger, Ph. D. (2000) A Summary of Lawerence Kohlbergs, Stages of Moral Development retrieved October 7th, 2011 from csudh. edu/dearhabermas/kohlberg01bk. htm . Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wood, D. J. , Bruner, J. S. , Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology, 17(2), 89-100

Clovis, Black Mats, and Extra-Terrestrials

Clovis, Black Mats, and Extra-Terrestrials Black mat is the common name for an organic-rich layer of soil also called sapropelic silt, peaty muds, and paleo-aquolls. Its content is variable, and its appearance is variable, and it is at the heart of a controversial theory known as the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH). The YDIH argues that black mats, or at least some of them, represent the remains of a cometary impact thought by its proponents to have kicked off the Younger Dryas. What is the Younger Dryas? The Younger Dryas (abbreviated YD), or Younger Dryas Chronozone (YDC), is the name of a brief geological period which occurred roughly between 13,000 and 11,700 calendar years ago (cal BP). It was the last episode of a series of fast-developing climatic changes that occurred at the end of the last Ice Age. The YD came after the Last Glacial Maximum (30,000–14,000 cal BP), which is what scientists call the last time glacial ice covered much of the Northern Hemisphere as well as higher elevations in the south. Immediately after the LGM, there was a warming trend, known as the Bà ¸lling-Ã…llerà ¸d period, during which time the glacial ice retreated. That warming period lasted about 1,000 years, and today we know that it marks the start of the Holocene, the geological period which we are still experiencing today. During the warmth of the Bà ¸lling-Ã…llerà ¸d, all kinds of human exploration and innovation developed, from the domestications of plants and animals to the colonization of the American continents. The Younger Dryas was an abrupt, 1,300-year return to the tundra-like cold, and it must have been a nasty shock to the Clovis hunter-gatherers in North America as well as Europes Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Cultural Impact of the YD Along with a substantial drop in temperature, the sharp challenges of the YD include the Pleistocene megafauna extinctions. The large-bodied animals that disappeared between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago include mastodons, horses, camels, sloths, dire wolves, tapir, and short-faced bear. The North American colonists at the time called Clovis were primarily- but not exclusively- dependent on hunting that game, and the loss of the megafauna led them to reorganize their lifeways into a broader Archaic hunting-and-gathering lifestyle. In Eurasia, the descendants of  hunters and gatherers began domesticating plants and animals- but thats another story. YD Climate Shift in North America The following is a summary of the cultural changes that are documented in North America around the time of the Younger Dryas, from most recent to oldest. It is based on a summary compiled by an early proponent of the YDIH, C. Vance Haynes, and it is a reflection of current understanding of the cultural changes. Haynes was never fully convinced that the YDIH was a reality, but he was intrigued by the possibility. Archaic. 9,000–10,000 RCYBP. Drought conditions prevailed, during which Archaic mosaic hunter-gatherer lifestyles predominate.Post-Clovis. (black mat layer) 10,000–10,900 RCYBP (or 12,900 calibrated years BP). Wet conditions are in evidence at the sites of springs and lakes. No megafauna except for bison. Post-Clovis cultures include Folsom, Plainview, Agate Basin hunter-gatherers.Clovis stratum. 10,850–11,200 RCYBP. Drought conditions prevalent. Clovis sites found with now-extinct mammoth, mastodon, horses, camels, and other megafauna at springs and lake margins.Pre-Clovis stratum. 11,200–13,000 RCYBP. By 13,000 years ago, water tables had fallen to their lowest levels since the Last Glacial Maximum. Pre-Clovis is rare, stable uplands, eroded valley sides. The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis The YDIH suggests that the climatic devastations of the Younger Dryas were the result of a major cosmic episode of multiple airbursts/impacts about 12,800 /-300 cal bp. There is no impact crater known for such an event, but proponents argued that it could have occurred over the North American ice shield. That cometary impact would have created wildfires and that and the climate impact are proposed to have produced the black mat, triggered the YD, contributed to the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions and initiated human population reorganization across the Northern Hemisphere. The YDIH adherents have argued that black mats hold the key evidence for their cometary impact theory. What is a Black Mat? Black mats are organic-rich sediments and soils that form in wet environments associated with spring discharge. They are found throughout the world in these conditions, and they are abundant in Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene stratigraphic sequences throughout central and western North America. They form in a wide variety of soils and sediment types, including organic-rich grassland soils, wet-meadow soils, pond sediments, algal mats, diatomites, and marls. Black mats also contain a variable assemblage of magnetic and glassy spherules, high-temperature minerals and melt glass, nano-diamonds, carbon spherules, aciniform carbon, platinum, and osmium. The presence of this last set is what the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis adherents have used to back up their Black Mat theory. Conflicting Evidence The problem is: there is no evidence for a continent-wide wildfire and devastation event. There definitely is a dramatic increase in the number and frequency of black mats throughout the Younger Dryas, but thats not the only time in our geological history when black mats have occurred. Megafaunal extinctions were abrupt, but not that abrupt- the extinction period lasted several thousands of years. And it turns out the black mats are variable in content: some have charcoal, some have none. By and large, they seem to be naturally-formed wetland deposits, found full of the organic remains of rotted, not burned, plants. Microspherules, nano-diamonds, and fullerenes are all part of the cosmic dust that falls to earth every day. Finally, what we now know is that the Younger Dryas cold event is not unique. In fact, there were as many as 24 abrupt switches in climate, called Dansgaard-Oeschger cold spells. Those happened during the end of the Pleistocene as the glacial ice melted back, thought to be the results of changes in the Atlantic Oceans current as it, in turn, adapted to changes in the volume of ice present and water temperature. Summary The black mats are not likely evidence of a cometary impact, and the YD was one of several colder and warmer periods during the end of the last Ice Age that resulted from shifting conditions. What seemed at first like a brilliant and succinct explanation for a devastating climate change turned out on further investigation to be not nearly as succinct as we thought. Thats a lesson scientists learn all the time- that science doesnt come as neat and tidy as we can think it to be. The unfortunate thing is that neat and tidy explanations are so satisfying that we all- scientists and the public alike- fall for them every time. Science is a slow process, but even though some theories dont pan out, we still must pay attention when a preponderance of evidence points us in the same direction. Sources Ardelean, Ciprian F., et al. The Younger Dryas Black Mat from Ojo De Agua, a Geoarchaeological Site in Northeastern Zacatecas, Mexico. Quaternary International 463.Part A (2018): 140–52. Print.Bereiter, Bernhard, et al. Mean Global Ocean Temperatures During the Last Glacial Transition. Nature 553 (2018): 39. Print.Broecker, Wallace S., et al. Putting the Younger Dryas Cold Event into Context. Quaternary Science Reviews 29.9 (2010): 1078–81. Print.Firestone, R. B., et al. Evidence for an Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 Years Ago That Contributed to the Megafaunal Extinctions and the Younger Dryas Cooling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.41 (2007): 16016–21. Print.Harris-Parks, Erin. The Micromorphology of Younger Dryas-Aged Black Mats from Nevada, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Quaternary Research 85.1 (2016): 94–106. Print.Haynes Jr., C. Vance. Younger Dryas Black Mats and the Rancholabrean Termination in North America. Proceedings of th e National Academy of Sciences 105.18 (2008): 6520–25. Print. Holliday, Vance, Todd Surovell, and Eileen Johnson. A Blind Test of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis. PLOS ONE 11.7 (2016): e0155470. Print.Kennett, D. J., et al. Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary Sediment Layer. Science 323 (2009): 94. Print.Kennett, James P., et al. Bayesian Chronological Analyses Consistent with Synchronous Age of 12,835–12,735 Cal B.P. For Younger Dryas Boundary on Four Continents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112.32 (2015): E4344–E53. Print.Mahaney, W. C., et al. Evidence from the Northwestern Venezuelan Andes for Extraterrestrial Impact: The Black Mat Enigma. Geomorphology 116.1 (2010): 48–57. Print.Meltzer, David J., et al. Chronological Evidence Fails to Support Claim of an Isochronous Widespread Layer of Cosmic Impact Indicators Dated to 12,800 Years Ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.21 (2014): E2162–71. Print.Pinter, Nicholas, et al. The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis: A Requ iem. Earth-Science Reviews 106.3 (2011): 247–64. Print. van Hoesel, Annelies, et al. The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Quaternary Science Reviews 83.Supplement C (2014): 95–114. Print.

Pollution Control Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pollution Control Policy - Essay Example Proponents and opponents of air pollution control policy now accept the protection of the public health as a political reality. The need for clean air is considered to be "a uniformly agreed-upon problem" or a "valence issue" (Baumgartner and Jones, 150). Nobody can be against the public good of clean air. Despite general agreement of the public, legislators, regulators and the regulated that clean air is important, many urban areas in the United States struggle to meet national air quality standards as the EPA continues to set stricter emission thresholds. The EPA has tracked emission levels of six criteria pollutants deemed harmful to human health - nitrogen dioxide, ground level ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and lead - since 1970. However, the persistence of the ground level ozone pollutant (commonly called either smog or ozone) troubles those who wish to protect the public health. The adverse health effects of acute and chronic exposure to ozone are more fully documented each year. While levels of some criteria pollutants (i.e. lead and carbon monoxide) have declined significantly, levels of ozone and particulate matter have not (Smith, 29). The EPA determined in 1997 that 122 million Americans, or 46% of the population, lived in smog-plagued areas (D oyle, 348). The EPA reported in 2004 that 112 million people across the nation still lived in 68 metropolitan areas classified in nonattainment of the national air quality standard for ozone. Regulators describe long-term exposure to ozone levels above the threshold set by law as extremely hazardous to human health (Smith, 34). From the critical perspective, there is a pressing need to establish radically new air pollution control policy. Contemporary business practice provides some important patterns in understanding policy new direction. It is evident that due to growing compliance costs, environmental expenditures have begun to play a major role in the policymaking decisions of companies. As a result, the environment is increasingly being used as a strategic tool to reduce cost and increase competitive advantage. Adequate and effective air pollution public policy should be largely based on firms' strategic needs to economize and being competitive. BACKGROUND: CURRENT POLICY FAILURE The continuing political controversy surrounding compliance with the provisions of the Clean Air Act suggests that the problem of national air pollution control is not going away either quickly or easily. Solutions to this challenging policy problem often appear partial and ineffectual. Four reasons for impaired policy effectiveness are suggested. First, the way in which federal regulators define and measure compliance with the law may not achieve consensus among the disparate participants in the implementation process. Even when participants do work together, gamesmanship among players who do not see themselves as equals on a level playing field may interfere with moving toward the same goal. The lack of consensus may continue until all the key players hold to some expectation of a common outcome (Bardach, 85). A second reason policy effectiveness may be impaired is due to the many participants in the fragmented federal hierarchy who represent multiple decision or veto points in the

Economics essay Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics essay - Term Paper Example Some consumers may wish to rent houses at higher rates than P and sellers may violate the existing law by accepting these prices offered. Therefore, sellers may accept price E because the consumers will be willing to rent rates above P as competition arises among consumers who strive to acquire the scarce commodity. The prices will go high up to E which is illustrated in the diagram below. The quantity demanded exceeds Qs at any lower price than E, and consumer’s effort remains intensified. The market reaches the Equilibrium only when the price reaches P. The competitive price is D. The price the suppliers will receive is P regardless of the higher price due to price ceilings. Hence, price E is used in calculating the consumer’s surplus. Producer’s surplus is calculated using P. In both cases, the actual quantity of houses is Qs. According to Taylor and Weerapana (194), when the government imposes price ceiling, producers will sell less quantity at lower prices a nd will lose some profits. If some consumers purchase products at higher prices, producers will gain. However, other consumers will lose because the supplies will be scarce. According to Hirschey (437), dead weight loss results from competitive market equilibrium deviations. He further asserts that deadweight loss can occur to both consumers and producers and is not transferable. Instead, losses arise from imperfections in the market and government policies. Deadweight loss is known as welfare loss triangle. This is because when linear curves of supply and demand are used, deadweight losses are portrayed as triangles. From the figure above, the effects of imposition of price ceiling on both the consumer and producer surplus is shown. The sum of consumer and producer surplus before the price ceiling was imposed is shown by the area of triangle ABC, the area BCD shows consumer surplus and the producer surplus is

Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Food Products Essay Example for Free

Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Food Products Essay British scientific researchers demonstrated that genetically modified DNA from crops can find its way into human gut bacteria, raising possible health concerns. This is because antibiotic-resistant marker genes are inserted with GM material, which could cause a person to be resistant to antibiotic medicines. The study was conducted at Newcastle University on seven human volunteers who, in the past, had their lower intestine removed and now use colostomy bags. After eating a burger containing GM soy, researchers compared their stools with 12 people with normal stomachs. They found to their surprise that a relatively large proportion of genetically modified DNA survived the passage through the small bowel. None was found in people who had complete stomachs. To see if GM DNA might be be transferred via bacteria to the intestine, they also took bacteria from stools in the colostomy bags and cultivated them. In three of the seven samples they found bacteria had taken up the herbicide-resistant gene from the GM food at a very low level. Michael Antonio, a senior lecturer in molecular genetics at King`s College Medical School, London, said that the work was significant because the researchers demonstrated that you can get GM plant DNA in the gut bacteria, which was previously considered to be not possible. Antonio said the research suggests that antibiotic marker genes could spread around the stomach and compromise antibiotic resistance. If this were to happen, a person could be immune to beneficial antiobiotic medicines. Marker genes are inserted into GM plants to allow identification of GM cells or tissue during development. The House of Lords has called for them to be phased out as swiftly as possible. The research was conducted at the request of the UKs Food Standards Agency, which released a statement saying the research, concluded that the likelihood of functioning DNA being taken up by bacteria in the human or animal gut is extremely low. * Genetically modified foods may gain undesirable properties. * The preservation of genetic variety in one specie is difficult. The technology make farmer to produce only one type fertile plants. * The technology may cause undesirable degeneration. So, surprisingly, low quality products may be obtained. * Genetically modified foods may change the microbial flora of the soil. It may cause deperdition of essential microorganisms on soil. This ruin natural balance. * When genetically altered microorganisms are consumed with food products, they may consolidate with human or animal organism. His combination may cause deperdition, metamorphosis, or any other strange organisms. * If the foods which were made antibiotic resistant by gene technology are consumed, it may give the same property to human. This cause failure of antibiotic-based treatments. * By this technology transferred genes may contaminate to other organisms undesirably. This may cause biologic disaster. * As a ring of nature chain, insects may be influenced by genetically modified foods and insects can develop resistant mechanism. * Even beneficial foods that carry toxic effect genes can cause human illness. * There is a risk of formation one kind of flora. * Other organisms in the same medium may be influenced by genetically modified foods. Video Transcription. This transcription will have some mistakes because it is partially automated. Hey guys! This is Heather from HealthyEatingStartsHere. com. Today I wanted to talk to you about the disadvantages of genetically modified food. I do mention genetic modification every so often and to be on the lookout for it and that’s one of the reasons why I buy organic foods. And whenever I mentioned I always got a lot of question what it is? Why is it bad? All that kind of stuff! So first of all let’s look out what exactly it is. Genetic modification is when a scientist, genetic engineer goes into the actual DNA of a seed and changes something about the DNA. What it is depends on what they are trying to do. Often in food crops what they’re doing is they’re slicing in a little bit of some other species of plant or animal into the seed for certain traits that they want that plant to have. So if you are a vegan and you’re concern about animal rights and the use of animal products in your food, you wanna be really careful about genetically modified food because they might have some animal genes place in. And that involves not only the animal gene but obviously they are taking it from somewhere so there is some kind of animal experimentation going on. Aside from that, another thing that often comes up in question of what’s the difference between genetic modification and hybridization? Because people have been making hybrids for a long time, is that bad? Well, the difference is with hybrid foods what they’re doing is that they are taking two plants and they’re putting them together, kind of like mating them and producing a slightly different second generation off spring. So, it’s different because they’re not going actually on the actual DNA of the seeds and changing things mechanically. They are cross breeding and hybridization have been going on for a long long time since the beginning of agriculture really and genetic modification is very very new. It only started being experimented with in the late 1980’s and then it’s only been on the commercial scale since the late 1990’s. So not a lot of time they have been gathering data on what the long term effects are and that is one of the main disadvantages that people talk about with genetic modification. Today I want to focus more on the positive and look at what can we come up with as better solutions to whatever it is that people are trying to which are like genetic modification. If you want to read more about the disadvantages, I did write about them in my blogs, you can check that out at HealthyEatingstartsHere. com but again let’s take a look on the positive. The benefits that people are going for in genetic modification, one of the first one is the resistant to pesticides and herbicides. What happens there is well let’s take the biggest example which is Roundup ready crops. Roundup is a chemical that is a herbicides so it kills plants. You probably heard of it, people use it on their lawn, stuff like that and basically just wipes everything out. And what’s the company that produces Roundup called Monsanto wants to do is allow farmers to go out and spray field of crops and have Roundup kill all of the weeds that they don’t want but leave the crops growing. So what they do is they go onto the seeds of these major crops and changed it so that Roundup does not kill them. So that’s one of the biggest and first uses of genetic modification and the solution there if you look at organic food production, the bases behind the whole process is about making plants healthy, making the soil healthy first so that it grows healthy plants and those healthy plants won’t have diseases won’t get pests and will grow in healthy soil and the weeds won’t even be a problem. So it eliminates the need for these Roundup ready crops, I mean it’s more complex than that but that’s the – the basic idea is let’s look at what we want and create that rather than taking how things are and kind of putting a band aid on it and trying to make it better. So you can read a little more about this over at my blog, go check that out but I wanna hear from you guys. Leave me a comment and let me know what you think about genetically modified foods. And whether you think there are some major disadvantages, whether you think they’re important, what you think are some good solutions that would be really awesome thing hear from you guys, what you think some better ways of doing things would be so let me know and I’ll see you guys next time. pHey guys! This is Heather from HealthyEatingStartsHere. com. Today I wanted to talk to you about the disadvantages of genetically modified food. I do mention genetic modification every so often and to be on the lookout for it and that’s one of the reasons why I buy organic foods. And whenever I mentioned I always got a lot of question what it is? Why is it bad? All that kind of stuff!   first of all let’s look out what exactly it is. Genetic modification is when a scientist, genetic engineer goes into the actual DNA of a seed and changes something about the DNA. What it is depends on what they are trying to do. Often in food crops what they’re doing is they’re slicing in a little bit of some other species of plant or animal into the seed for certain traits that they want that plant to have. So if you are a vegan and you’re concern about animal rights and the use of animal products in your food, you wanna be really careful about genetically modified food because they might have some animal genes place in. And that involves not only the animal gene but obviously they are taking it from somewhere so there is some kind of animal experimentation going on. Aside from that, another thing that often comes up in question of what’s the difference between genetic modification and hybridization? Because people have been making hybrids for a long time, is that bad? Well, the difference is with hybrid foods what they’re doing is that they are taking two plants and they’re putting them together, kind of like mating them and producing a slightly different second generation off spring. So, it’s different because they’re not going actually on the actual DNA of the seeds and changing things mechanically. They are cross breeding and hybridization have been going on for a long long time since the beginning of agriculture really and genetic modification is very very new. It only started being experimented with in the late 1980’s and then it’s only been on the commercial scale since the late 1990’s. So not a lot of time they have been gathering data on what the long term effects are and that is one of the main disadvantages that people talk about with genetic modification. Today I want to focus more on the positive and look at what can we come up with as better solutions to whatever it is that people are trying to which are like genetic modification. If you want to read more about the disadvantages, I did write about them in my blogs, you can check that out at HealthyEatingstartsHere. com but again let’s take a look on the positive. The benefits that people are going for in genetic modification, one of the first one is the resistant to pesticides and herbicides. What happens there is well let’s take the biggest example which is Roundup ready crops. Roundup is a chemical that is a herbicides so it kills plants. You probably heard of it, people use it on their lawn, stuff like that and basically just wipes everything out. /p pAnd what’s the company that produces Roundup called Monsanto wants to do is allow farmers to go out and spray field of crops and have Roundup kill all of the weeds that they don’t want but leave the crops growing. So what they do is they go onto the seeds of these major crops and changed it so that Roundup does not kill them. So that’s one of the biggest and first uses of genetic modification and the solution there if you look at organic food production, the bases behind the whole process is about making plants healthy, making the soil healthy first so that it grows healthy plants and those healthy plants won’t have diseases won’t get pests and will grow in healthy soil and the weeds won’t even be a problem. So it eliminates the need for these Roundup ready crops, I mean it’s more complex than that but that’s the – the basic idea is let’s look at what we want and create that rather than taking how things are and kind of putting a band aid on it and trying to make it better. So you can read a little more about this over at my blog, go check that out but I wanna hear from you guys. Leave me a comment and let me know what you think about genetically modified foods. And whether you think there are some major disadvantages, whether you think they’re important, what you think are some good solutions that would be really awesome thing hear from you guys, what you think some better ways of doing things would be so let me know and I’ll see you guys next time. A lot of people arent clear on what exactly genetically modified food is. Very simply, its food thats been changed on a genetic level through genetic engineering. The process usually involves splicing in a gene from a different species of plant or animal to take advantage of certain traits. Hybridization causes some confusion here, since its also a way of breeding plants (or animals) for certain traits. The difference is that hybrid food is created through cross-breeding two plants into a second generation. Genetic modification is done directly in the DNA of a seed. The main benefits producers are going for in genetically modifying food plants is a resistance to pesticides and herbicides, better tolerance of extreme weather conditions (like drought), longer shelf lives, and an increase of certain nutrients (like vitamin A-infused rice). That all sounds good on paper, but there are some serious disadvantages of genetically modified food. The most blatant one is that this GM seeds are already in widespread use in the industrial agriculture food chain without having had long-term testing. They only started small scale experiments in the late 1980s, and large scale operations started in the late 1990s. The future effects on our health, our environment and the sustainability of our food crops arent easy to predict in the best of times, but GM foods and crops throw a real curveball in the mix. Because they are a fundamentally new organism, theres a lot of speculation that GM foods are treated as allergens foreign invaders by our bodies. Theres also the potential of splicing in a gene that is a natural allergen. The disadvantages of genetically modified food dont stop at health and environmental concerns. There are some serious social justice issues, where farmers in developing nations (and even those in rich countries) are generating massive profits for large corporations without any gains for themselves. In fact, lots of farmers in India kill themselves because they just cant see a way out of the downward spiral of paying for seeds that require paying for pesticides and fertilizers and machinery, then paying for more seeds and now having to pay for irrigation systems because their land is drying out Now, thats just a quick overview of the disadvantages of genetically modified food. I dont really like to dwell too long on the negative side of things, but sometimes its important to know why you dont do certain things. What I much prefer looking at is the positive side of what you can do instead. If you look at the benefits of GM crops, there isnt a need to use genetic modification to get them. Organic methods of growing food are about making plants optimally healthy, so that they dont need pesticides, fertilizers or herbicides. Growing healthy plants from healthy soil also makes for higher nutrient levels, and getting a variety of healthy foods is a better way of getting nutrients than protein-enhanced sweet potatoes or vitamin A-enhanced rice. Growing food in polycultures (lots of different types of plants together) rather than massive monocultures (like the enormous fields of corn or soy beans you see all over North America), and using different varieties of plants brings biodiversity that can better withstand extreme environmental conditions. Its like building diversity in your investment portfolio having a wide variety of stocks helps lessen the impact of one or a few companies crashing. Local food systems make shelf life less of an issue. Besides, do you really want to eat rice that could last for a few years? When the farmers are the ones who are starving, there is something seriously wrong in our food supply chain. My main question is this: If there are so many unknowns and disadvantages of genetically modified food, why dont we put our efforts into better solutions ones that address the root of the issues? The best way to avoid the disadvantages of genetically modified food is to grow your own and if you dont have space or time for a vegetable garden, a jar of sprouts on the windowsill is still awesome. If you need pointers, you can watch me show just how easy it is to grow alfalfa sprouts at home. Want to know it? Answers to lifes questions Want to know it? This blog has a little bit of everything to challenge your mind and find answers to lifes questions. Home Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Food By: Want To Know It Photo Credit wheat field image by Soja Andrzej from Fotolia. com Genetic engineering has been practiced in the form of selective breeding throughout the history of agriculture. However, the discovery in 1953 of the structure of DNA gave scientists the ability to insert genes from one life form into those of a completely separate life form, thus arriving at the modern genetic engineering movement. Genetic engineering is fraught with controversy regarding its ethical and moral implications and health effects. Cancer Genetically modified foods share certain toxic effects on the liver, pancreas, kidneys and reproductive system that may cause cancer in these organs, according to a Greek study published in the February 2009 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. The widespread use of recombinant growth hormone a genetically modified substance in the agricultural industry is associated with increases in IGF-1, a growth hormone that, in excess quantities, can lead to cancer. Sponsored Links Humanization Special Rapid, Powerful, Full length IgG Short time only End-of-Year Pricing www. BioAtla. com Allergy Allergic reactions to genetically modified foods may arise due to the presence of proteins derived from the plant or animal used to modify the food, according to a U. S. study published in the July 2009 Toxicological Sciences. Current safety standards involve evaluation of the foreign proteins for allergenic potential, and a database of known allergenic proteins has been compiled, along with computer programs for assessing potential allergenicity of proteins. Additionally, animal and non-animal testing methods are being developed to assist in the process of screening for allergenicity. Intestinal Immunity Genetically modified corn caused an immune reaction in mice in an Italian study published in the December 2008 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Mice fed genetically modified corn for 30 days showed altered levels of white blood cells; interleukins, a category of protein molecules that regulate immune function; and MIP-1beta, a chemical produced by certain white blood cells that initiates inflammation. The researchers noted that young and old mice were similarly affected by the modified corn. Endometriosis Rising rates of endometriosis coincide with increased consumption of genetically modified foods over the last decade, according to a Canadian report published in the December 2010 Gynecology, Obstetrics and Fertility. The presence of pesticide residue and foreign proteins in genetically modified foods may be the culprit, say the authors, citing the low-dose hypothesis that accumulation of toxins, along with added chemicals for the stabilization and delivery of pesticides designed for use with genetically modified foods, multiply the risk factors and could be harmful for their immune-toxic effects and ability to disrupt the endocrine system. Read more: http://www. livestrong. com/article/345554-disadvantages-of-genetically-modified-food/#ixzz2G2YGRNlT. Genetically modified food has been on the market since the early 90’s and since that time has attracted both positive and negative attention. Many people believe genetically modified food to be unsafe for human consumption and a hazard to the natural environment. There have been numerous studies undertaken to determine the risks involved with genetically engineering foods. As yet no set conclusions have been reached about the risk involved with genetically engineered food and strict guidelines have been established to regulate the genetically modified foods that can be sold to the consumer. What is Genetically Modified Food? Genetically modified food is food that has been altered at the DNA level. This is done by very precise genetic engineering techniques developed by scientists. In general the aim of genetically modifying food is simple, either to make the food more marketable or make it easier to produce. Most food that is genetically modified are plant products or vegetables such as soybeans, corn and tomatoes. The genetic modification of crops happened prior to scientific engineering via breeding and cross pollination. This method is still used to create crops that are more resistant to pests or to produce plants that yield bigger harvests. Scientific genetic engineering allows for a specific gene to be taken from one organism and transplanted into another. The gene responsible for making a plant resistant to pests can be quickly and efficiently transplanted into another plant allowing it to gain this resistant property. Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Food. †¢ There have been numerous criticisms leveled at genetically modified produce and it is important that we as the consumer are informed about the possible drawbacks of a product. †¢ Changing plants may have lasting effects on other organisms in the ecosystem. The change in a plant may cause it to be toxic to an insect or animal that uses it as its main food source. †¢ Due to the widespread use of insect resistant genes in crops the insects may become resistant to the genetic modifications. This would cause a widespread loss of crops and plants that have the natural immunity leading to a loss in biodiversity. †¢ Breeding and cross pollination across unintended species could occur resulting in things such as insect resistant weeds. †¢ Cross pollination can also occur across crops that are not genetically modified leading to lawsuits about who owns the GM technology and seed. The same thing can happen between organic crops and genetically modified crops making it difficult to maintain an organic status. †¢ A huge concern is that genetic modification could cause allergies in humans due to gene modification of plants. People may find that they are now allergic to other food products – people because they contain a gene from the allergen they have. One example is the use of a Brazilian nut gene in corn. †¢ Some studies have shown that it may affect the human digestive system in a number of ways. The incorporation of substances that may interact badly with one another in food or in fact be poisonous to people may happen. The modification of certain genes may make some plant substances difficult to digest at all. †¢ A major economical concern is that the control of world food sources may be limited to large companies because they own the GM seeds and have the money to start and finish the accreditation process. †¢ Genetic modification can also make it difficult to know what you are eating, as a plant could contain animals products via genetic engineering. This could cause issues for those with dietary restrictions and religious commitments. Related Articles.

Schizophrenia Essay -- essays research papers fc

When I lived in Germany, I had a friend who played on my High School tennis team. On a sunny afternoon after our tennis lessons we decided to drink an ice tea and have a little snack at the tennis snack bar. We started talking about tennis strategies, but my friend, Thomas, was kind of depressed and sad. When I asked him what was really bothering him, he started tell me about his sick mother. He tried to explain her disease to me, but I could not understand it. He said, â€Å" my mother is suffering from persecution mania and in addition, she sometimes talks about things that make no sense. Nevertheless, I saw Thomas again after the summer holidays and I asked him how his mother was doing now. He responded with a very sad voice and also had tears in his eyes because his mother committed suicide and the doctors told him that she had schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder marked by the loss of contact with reality. When a person's thinking, feeling, and behav ior is abnormal, it interferes with his or her ability to function in everyday life. Delusions, hallucinations, and irregular thinking and emotions are produced. If these signs are present, he or she may have the mental illness called schizophrenia. About one hundred years ago, schizophrenia was first recognized as a mental disorder and researchers have been searching for a cure ever since. The cause of schizophrenia is still unknown today and scientists have concluded that schizophrenia has more than one cause. Scientists have developed dozens of theories to explain what causes this disease, but researchers are focusing on four leading theories: the Genetic Theory, the Environmental Theory, the Biochemical Theory, and the Bio-Psycho-Social Theory. The Genetic Theory argues that schizophrenia is caused by traits in a person's genetic makeup. A normal person has twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. Each pair contains one chromosome from each parent. In corresponding locations called lo ci of each chromosome, the genes for specific traits are located. Some researchers believe that mutations with these genes can cause schizophrenia. We inherit our genes from our parents, but this does not mean that the parents of a schizophrenic are mentally ill. Problems in a person’s genetic make up could come from mutated chromosomes or recessive genes. In an attempt to prove this theory, scientists study... ...d. At least 25% of the treated schizophrenics recover fully to live a normal life in every aspect. Another group are not so well off and remain severely psychotic, this occurs in about 10% of the treated schizophrenics. The other 65% go through periods of psychosis and phases of recovery. An optimistic fact about the disease is people tend to "grow out of it" in their mid-life. BIBLIOGRAPHY Mayer, Robert M.D. Satan's Children, New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1991 Wallis, Claudia and James Wellsworth, "Awakenings". Time July 7, 1992, pp 36-44. "Schizophrenia, Youth's Greatest Disabler", Schizo Society of N.S., 1988 Smith, Douglas W. Schizophrenia, Toronto: Franklin Watts, 1993 Bibliography References Boyle, M (1990) A scientific delusion? New York / Routledge Broen, W (1968) Research and Theory, New York / Academic Press Buss, A (1966) Psychopathology, New York / John Wiley & Sons, INC. Shean, G (1978) An introduction to Research and Theory, Cambridge / Harvard University Press Shershow, J (1978) Science and Practice, Cambridge / Harvard University Press Strahl, M (1980) Diagnosis and an unified method of treatment, New York / Springer company

Continuity and Change over Time in Classical Civilizations

After the fall of the classical civilizations from 100 to 600 CE the world experienced many changes. China’s fall was not as drastic as Rome’s, but it was still worse than India’s. The collapse of the Han dynasty caused China to go into three centuries of unrest until the Sui and Tang dynasties came to the rescue. China had more continuities than changes after its fall, unlike the other classical civilizations.China went from a politically centralized civilization with a developed hierarchy with mutual respect of the upper and lower classes that followed Confucian ways of obedience and deference to the syncretism of Buddhism and Daoism during 100 to 600 CE because of nomadic invasions, corrupt bureaucracies, and religious fluctuations. However, bureaucracies and Confucianism remained. China’s collapse began because of outside nomadic invasions by the Huns. However, after the three centuries of unrest, the nomads simply tried to assimilate into Chinese trad itions after realizing they did not have anything better to offer.During the centuries of chaos, approximately one-half of the population was killed by epidemics. Confucianism, a large imprint of the ways of life in China, became intellectually less active. The bureaucracies became corrupt, which allowed Buddhism to expand to China and threaten its unity. After the bureaucracies corrupted, local landlords picked up power in local neighborhoods. This caused more taxes to the already heavily taxed peasants, causing further social unrest. During this time, Daoism’s appeal increased because of its healing practices and magic.A Daoist movement led by the Yellow Turbans (who promised a golden age) attacked the weak government; however, this failed and simply furthered the downward spiral of classical China. After three centuries of unrest in China, the Sui and T’ang dynasties stepped in. The T’ang dynasty is responsible for the glorious periods of China. This dynasty restored peace to China and revived much of its old ways. Because of the T’ang dynasty, China had returned to its Confucian ways as well as bureaucratic. Because of these dynasties, the bureaucratic system became more elaborate.Even though the bureaucracy declined during the pandemonium, it never did disappear. The structures of classical China were simply too strong to be completely overturned. Despite the continuities, China did exhibit changes after its political and social upheaval. Buddhism had become a major religion in the world because of the expansion eastward during classical China’s demise. Some Buddhist beliefs were syncretized into Confucian China. Despite the mark from the minor Buddhist presence, the chaos did not leave any permanent disruption like in Rome. China merely had to recover from a major setback, rather than reinvent an entire civilization.

Analysis of Film Poster for “The Matrix”

From a distance the first thing that would be noticed by a passing audience would be the title of the poster. It would catch the viewer's eye with its striking green colouration and large bold font. Its central position in the poster would draw the audience's attention and bring them closer so they can pick out the smaller information, which in turn would lead to the desire to see the film or not. The use of the upper case makes the title stand out from the rest of the poster and would act as the focal point of the advertisement. The type of font used in this case sharp and modern, would denote the genre of the movie, which again would influence the people and pick out a specific target audience. Director: The directors name on my poster is situated above the title, so presumably would be the next thing the viewer would focus upon. A famous, well-established director such as Spielberg would sell a film by reputation alone. Their previous films using various genre would appeal to a target audience that wouldn't have normally seen the film. Their success widens the target audience and draws in people outside the specified genre, making more money for the producer's etc. Images: Images are probably the most important element of most types of advertisement. The use of images gives a more interesting and less boring way of getting the same message across that text would. Also because people are more susceptible to images and remember them easier, designers use this to inform and sell films by incorporating pictures into the poster. The type of imagery used again highlights a target audience, using their likes and dislikes, to create a demand for the film and make them want to watch it. The fact that my only form of imagery is in text and the use of numbers was done purposely, as I chose to integrate the main theme of the film, which is computers and science fiction, by using what could be described as ‘computer language'. The mystery invoked by this type of imagery would entice viewers into watching the film to understand the relevance of it because they are only given small pieces of information. Also the fact that the images can only really be read from close proximity, would mean that people would have to move closer to see, meaning they have to study the poster harder, which would lead to more information being processed, meaning they will have a better understanding of the movie. Actors/Actresses: The actors and actresses are important in widening the target audience further, their past roles and performances in movies will influence people into viewing the film. Most designers would use the upper case letters to advertise the cast as it stands out and would be more noticeable, they would use a contrasting colour from the back ground and they would position the most famous star on the left of the poster as viewers read from left to right. In my poster Keanu Reeves is the first name to appear on the poster, as he is the most famous. It is important to select cast that will appeal to as wide a target audience as possible, with Reeves and Moss, it does just that. They are both younger actors that would appeal to both sexes with their looks and sexual allure. People relate to stars, they either want to be with them or want to be them. Laurence Fishbourne, however, would attract the older viewers, as he is an older more classical actor, people wouldn't necessarily want to be him or be with him, they would more likely admire him for his acting ability. Critic's Quote: The critic's quote is a significant part in the layout of a film poster as it gives the reader a supposedly unbiast opinion of the film. The critic's quote is filled with hyperbolic language and positive words that would make the movie out to be the best film ever. This would help sell the film as no one would want to see a movie that was given a bad review because people are influenced by success. In my quote I used upper case letters within the sentence because it adds to the hyperbole and it highlights the positive words in the quote. The fact that it is directly under the cast's names was done so that they would read the quote after the cast and work their way down the poster, building an opinion about the film and its view-ability. Who actually gave the quote is important too, as their success as a movie magazine, newspaper etc, would promote the movie and would again target a specific audience, in my case using Empire magazine, a ‘movie buff' type of person. Because the average consumer doesn't really know much about movies, the fact that they are being told by an ‘expert', will influence their decision to pay their money to see the film. Certificate: By putting an age limit on the film you pick out a certain target audience. With having such a certificate as 15 advertised on the poster, you appeal to a younger audience with a ‘disposable income', mainly students and adults that don't have families or money that is spoken for. A certificate is there to give the viewers a rough guess as to its violence content, the language used and to what sort of extent the film has sexually explicit scenes in it. Although by putting an age limit on the movie, it doesn't stop younger or older audience attending. Producers: This element of the film poster can be both beneficial and detrimental to its success as a film poster. By using a producer's quote you attract a target audience by association, people who have seen earlier films will make the connection with its success or with its failure. This is potentially where this piece of information can be harmful. If the viewers make the link with a prior films achievements, this can help with the advertised films selling capability. However, if people make a negative link with the previous film they are less likely to watch it, as they will be put off by the last films performance. Conclusion: Altogether I feel my poster works reasonably well, I think it uses most of the key elements that a film poster has to possess in order to inform and to sell the movie to the public. The colouration is eye catching and modern and I feel I incorporated the main theme and essential taster of the movie within it. However if I was to repeat the exercise again I would change, improve and add a few things. I would have more than one critic's quote to broaden the target audience even further, this would be achieved by maybe having a well known newspaper write a review on it, making the film review be seen by a whole range of people, as more buy newspapers than movie magazines. I would also choose to have an actual image included in the poster, as the text that is the imagery in my poster may not be as memorable as pictures may be. To show the public of this movie's success I would probably decide to have the awards, Oscars etc that the movie had won or been nominated for, as this would attract an audience that wouldn't have normally bothered.

Semi-, Demi-, and Hemi-

Semi-, Demi-, and Hemi- Semi-, Demi-, and Hemi- Semi-, Demi-, and Hemi- By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: †¨ Is there any rule for when to use semi and when to use half? The Latin prefix semi means half. The earliest semi- words documented in English are semicircular (1432-1450 and semi-mature (c.1440). Both William Langland (c.1332-c.1386) and Chaucer (c.1343-1400) use semi- constructions. According the OED, In the 16th-18th c., the number of permanent compounds was increased mainly by the accession of terms more or less technical [such as semicircle and semivowel]. Although theres no rule, sometimes half would be the better choice, as in this example from Fowler: This would be an immense gain over the existing fashion of a multitude of churches ill-manned semi-filled. Some common semi- words: semiabstract semiannual semiautomatic semicolon semiconscious Two other prefixes that mean half are hemi,-, from the Greek, and demi-, from Old French. In some English words, the French prefix is attached to an English word, as in demigod. Sometimes, as with demitasse and demimonde, the entire word is French. demimonde: n. The class of women of doubtful reputation and social standing, upon the outskirts of ‘society.’[Fr.; lit. ‘half-world’, ‘half-and-half society’, a phrase invented by Dumas the younger.] demitasse: n. a small coffee cup. [Fr., lit. ‘half-cup’] The prefix hemi is not as common as the other two. The most familiar word is hemisphere. Less common are words like hemicycle, hemistich, and hemitrope. In some contexts, the prefixes are used as nouns. Men in U.S. truck commercials rapturize over Hemi trucks. This use of hemi refers to a type of internal combustion engine that has a bowl-shaped or hemispherical combustion chamber. In England, a semi [sÄ•mÄ“] is a semi-detached house. In the U. S., a semi [sÄ•mÄ «] is a big truck of the tractor-trailer variety. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowList of Greek Words in the English LanguageComma Before Too?

Arrays in Mathematics

Arrays in Mathematics In  math, an array refers to a set of numbers or objects that will follow a specific pattern. An array is an orderly arrangement (often in rows, columns or a matrix) that is most commonly used as a visual tool for demonstrating  multiplication and division. There are many everyday examples of arrays that help with understanding the utility of these tools for quick data analysis and simple multiplication or division of large groups of objects. Consider a box of chocolates or a crate of oranges that have an arrangement of 12 across and 8 down rather than count each one, a person could multiply 12 x 8 to determine the boxes each contain 96 chocolates or oranges. Examples such as these aid in young students understanding of how multiplication and division work on a practical level, which is why arrays are most helpful when teaching young learners to multiply and divide shares of real objects like fruits or candies. These visual tools allow students to grasp how observing patterns of fast adding can help them count larger quantities of these items or divide larger quantities of items equally amongst their peers. Describing Arrays in Multiplication When using arrays to explain multiplication, teachers often refer to the arrays by the factors being multiplied. For example, an array of 36 apples arranged in six columns of six rows of apples would be described as a 6 by 6  array. These arrays help students, primarily in third through fifth grades, understand the computation process by breaking the factors into tangible pieces and describing the concept that multiplication relies on such patterns to aid in quickly adding large sums multiple times. In the six by six array, for instance, students are able to understand that if each column represents a group of six apples and there are six rows of these groups, they will have 36 apples in total, which can quickly be determined not by individually counting the apples or by adding 6 6 6 6 6 6 but by simply multiplying the number of items in each group by the number of groups represented in the array. Describing Arrays in Division In division, arrays can also be used as a handy tool to visually describe how large groups of objects can be divided equally into smaller groups. Using the above example of 36 apples, teachers can ask students to divide the large sum into equal-sized groups to form an array as a guide to the  division of apples. If asked to divide the apples equally between 12 students, for example, the class would produce a 12 by 3 array, demonstrating that each student would receive three apples if the 36 were divided equally among the 12 individuals. Conversely, if students were asked to divide the apples between three people, they would produce a 3 by 12 array, which demonstrates the Commutative Property of Multiplication that the order of factors in multiplication does not affect the product of multiplying these factors. Understanding this core concept of the interplay between multiplication and division will help students form a fundamental understanding of mathematics as a whole, allowing for quicker and more complex computations as they continue into algebra and later applied mathematics in geometry and statistics.

Behaviour therapy is an effective but not sufficient factor in CBT Essay

Behaviour therapy is an effective but not sufficient factor in CBT - Essay Example Some instances of such models can be cited as theories of normal and abnormal development, and theories of emotion and psychopathology. In fact Fenton (2007) gives out a very understandable description of the entire concept of CBT by breaking it into member components of cognitive and behavioural therapies as follows," Quite simply, cognitive-behavioral therapy or CBT is a combination of two kinds of therapy: cognitive and behavioral. In behavioral therapy, people learn how to change behavior. You may have already heard of the most common behavioral techniques used in the treatment of anxiety disorders: desensitization, relaxation and breathing exercises. Cognitive therapy focuses on thoughts, assumptions and beliefs. With cognitive therapy, people may learn to recognize and change faulty or maladaptive thinking patterns. Cognitive therapy is not about "positive thinking" in the sense that you must always think happy thoughts. It's a way to gain control over racing, repetitive though ts which often feed or trigger anxiety. The two therapies often are used together because they are beneficial to each other. For example, in the midst of extreme anxiety, it may feel impossible to gain control over your thoughts and apply cognitive therapy techniques. Therefore, a behavioral technique such as deep breathing may help you calm down and focus on your thinking". It is the latter argument of Fenton which is the focus of this paper. This paper essentially looks into exploring the argument that behaviour therapy is an effective approach with in the CBT but it is not the only and sufficient approach. The paper looks into the concepts of cognitive and behaviour therapies in depth and the possible and more effective applications of the CBT,when the two are combined. The paper also discusses some other approaches which are finding application under the umbrella of the CBT.Cognitive Concepts and Therapy The initial questions that arise in cognitive approach are conceptual. They relate to what are the various levels of cognition that is accorded importance in literature. In the 1960's, Aaron Beck, developed his approach called Cognitive Therapy. Beck's cognitive therapy was particularly found very useful in the effective treatment of depression and related symptoms. Beck and his associates reckon three identifiable levels of cognition that are pertinent as treatment milestones as cognitive approaches are applied to within the overall approach of f CBT.These three levels of cognition are : full consciousness, automatic thoughts, and schemas (Clark et al,1999). Within these three levels the highest level is consciousness and it is defined to include the mental state in which rational decisions are made with full awareness of the decision maker. Decision maker is rationally opting to choose the way he finally did and he has rational arguments to justify his acts.